Impact of Winter Cooling on Water Vertical Entrainment and Intensity of Phytoplankton Bloom in the Black Sea

E. A. Kubryakova✉, A. A. Kubryakov, S. V. Stanichny

Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation

✉ e-mail: elena_kubryakova@mail.ru

Abstract

Vertical entrainment of nutrients and phytoplankton from the subsurface layers in autumn – winter is a cause of the surface phytoplankton bloom in the Black Sea in winter. Relationship of the winter heat flux and the sea surface temperature (SST) with the integral and surface phytoplankton biomass is assessed based on a series of simulations performed due to a 1D-biogeochemical model. The results show that during severe winters, intensity of phytoplankton bloom is 50% higher than that in warm winters. Winter entrainment of nutrients influences the phytoplankton biomass in the subsurface layer in summer, namely, after cold winters its maximum value exceeds the analogous one after warm winters by ≈30%. In-situ data is used to estimate the relation between the upper mixed layer depth and density, and the integral concentration of nitrates and phosphates in various regions of the basin. It is revealed that growth of the upper mixed layer density from 1014.0 to 1014.2 kg/m3 results in increase of the integral concentration of nutrients in the upper layer by 2–2.5 times in the center and on the periphery of the basin; and when the density value achieves 1014.5 kg/m3 the integral concentration becomes higher by 4–5 times. Thus the upper mixed layer density serves a good indicator of intensity of the nutrients inflow to the sea upper layers. Impact of winter cooling upon the upper mixed layer density is investigated using the model and in-situ data. It is shown that density equal to 1014.2 kg/m3 is achieved in the basin center at SST 7.5–8° C, and on the sea periphery – at 6.5° C. The maximum density value 1014.8 kg/m^3^ is recorded in the center of the sea (depth exceeds 2000 m) at SST < 5.5° C. During the same atmospheric conditions, the vertical nutrient transport is different in various regions of the Black Sea, which can affect the spatial features of bloom intensity in the basin.

Keywords

Black Sea, winter cooling, vertical entrainment, upper mixed layer, biochemical modeling

Acknowledgements

The data were obtained and processed within the framework of the State Order No. 0827-2014-0011 “The research of regularities of marine environment condition changes on the basis of operational observations and the data of marine area condition nowcast, forecast and reanalysis system” (“Operative oceanography” code); model calculations were carried out with the financial support of RFBR grant No. 16-05-00621, the study of the relationship between the SST and the characteristics of vertical entrainment was supported by RFBR grant No. 16-35-60036 mol_a_dk, the analysis of satellite information was carried out within the framework of RFBR grant No. 17-05-41089 RGO_a.

Original russian text

Original Russian Text © E. A. Kubryakova, A. A. Kubryakov, S. V. Stanichny, 2018, published in MORSKOY GIDROFIZICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol. 34, Iss. 3, pp. 206–222 (2018)

For citation

Kubryakova, E.A., Kubryakov, A.A. and Stanichny, S.V., 2018. Impact of Winter Cooling on Water Vertical Entrainment and Intensity of Phytoplankton Bloom in the Black Sea. Physical Oceanography, 25(3), pp. 191-206. doi:10.22449/1573-160X-2018-3-191-206

DOI

10.22449/1573-160X-2018-3-191-206

References

  1. Kopelevich, O.V., Sheberstov, S.V., Yunev, O., Basturk, O., Finenko, Z.Z., Nikonov, S. and Vedernikov, V.I., 2002. Surface Сhlorophyll in the Black Sea over 1978-1986 Derived from Satellite and in Situ Data. Journal of Marine Systems, [e-journal] 36(3-4), pp. 145-160. doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00184-7
  2. Yunev, O.A., Moncheva, S. and Carstensen, J., 2005. Long-Term Variability of Vertical Chlorophyll a and Nitrate Profiles in the open Black Sea: Eutrophication and Climate Change. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 294, pp. 95-107. doi:10.3354/meps294095
  3. Finenko, Z.Z., Suslin, V.V. and Kovaleva, I.V., 2014. Seasonal and Long-Term Dynamics of the Chlorophyll Concentration in the Black Sea According to Satellite Observations. Oceanology, [e-journal] 54(5), pp. 596-605. doi:10.1134/S0001437014050063
  4. Mikaelyan, A.S., Shapiro, G.I., Chasovnikov, V.K., Wobus, F. and Zanacchi, M., 2017. Drivers of the Autumn Phytoplankton Development in the Open Black Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 174, pp. 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.05.006
  5. Sverdrup, H.U.,1953. On Conditions for the Vernal Blooming of Phytoplankton. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 18(3), pp. 287-295.doi.10.1093/icesjms/18.3.287
  6. Yunev, O.A., Vedernikov, V.I., Basturk, O., Yilmaz, A., Kideys, A.E., Moncheva, S. and Konovalov, S.K., 2002. Long-Term Variations of Surface Chlorophyll a and Primary Production in the Open Black Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, [e-journal] 230, pp. 11-28. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24865090 [Accessed: 16 August 2017].
  7. Finenko, Z.Z., Churilova, T.Ya. and Li, R.I., 2005. Vertical Distribution of Chlorophyll and Fluorescence in the Black Sea. Marine Ekological Journal = Morskoj Ehkologicheskij Zhurnal, 4(1), pp. 15-45 (in Russian).
  8. Sorokin, Yu.I., 1982. Chernoe More: Priroda, Resursy [The Black Sea: Nature and Resources]. Moscow: Nauka, 217 p.(in Russian).
  9. Mikaelyan, A.S., Silkin, V.A. and Pautova, L.A., 2011.Coccolithophorids in the Black Sea: Their Interannual and Long-Term Changes. Oceanology, [e-journal], 51(1), pp. 39-48. doi:10.1134/S0001437011010127
  10. Silkin, V.A., Pautova, L.A., Pakhomova, S.V., Lifanchuk, A.V., Yakushev, E.V. and Chasovnikov, V.K., 2014. Environmental Control on Phytoplankton Community Structure in the NE Black Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, [e-journal] 461, pp. 267-274. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.08.009
  11. Ginzburg, A.I., Kostianoy, A.G., Soloviev, D.M. and Stanichny S.V., 2000. Remotely Sensed Coastal/Deep-Basin Water Exchange Processes in the Black Sea Surface Layer. In: D. Halpern, ed., 2000. Satellites, Oceanography and Society. Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 63. Chapter 15. New York: Elsevier Science, pp. 273-287. doi: 10.1016/S0422-9894(00)80016-1
  12. Oguz, T., Deshpande, A.G. and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., 2002.The Role of Mesoscale Processes Controlling Biological Variability in the Black Sea Coastal Waters: Inferences from SeaWIFS-Derived Surface Chlorophyll Field. Continental Shelf Research, [e-journal] 22(10), pp. 1477-1492.doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00018-3
  13. Zatsepin, A.G., Ginzburg, A.I., Kostianoy, A.G., Kremenetskiy, V.V., Krivosheya, V.G., Stanichny, S.V. and Poulain, P.-M., 2003. Observations of Black Sea Mesoscale Eddies and Associated Horizontal Mixing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(C8), pp. 3246.doi:10.1029/2002JC001390
  14. Shapiro, G.I., Stanichny, S.V. and Stanychna, R.R.,2010. Anatomy of Shelf–Deep Sea Exchanges by a Mesoscale Eddy in the North West Black Sea as Derived from Remotely Sensed Data. Remote Sensing of Environment, [e-journal] 114(4), pp. 867-875.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.11.020
  15. Kubryakov, A.A., Stanichny, S.V., Zatsepin, A.G. and Kremenetskiy, V.V., 2016.Long-Term Variations of the Black Sea Dynamics and Their Impact on the Marine Ecosystem. Journal of Marine Systems, [e-journal], 163, pp. 80-94. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.06.006
  16. Oguz, T., Ducklow, H. andMalanotte-Rizzoli, P., 2000.Modeling Distinct Vertical Biogeochemical Structure of the Black Sea: Dynamical Coupling of the Oxic, Suboxic, and Anoxic Layers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, [e-journal] 14(4), pp. 1331-1352. doi:10.1029/1999GB001253
  17. Titov, V.B., 2004.Formation of the Upper Convective Layer and the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea in Relation to the Winter Severity. Oceanology, 44(3), pp. 327-330.
  18. O'Reilly, J.E., Maritorena, S., Mitchell, B.G., Siegel, D.A., Carder, K.L., Garver, S.A., Kahru, M. and McClain, C., 1998. Ocean Colour Chlorophyll Algorithms for SeaWiFS. Journal of Geophysical Research, [e-journal] 103(C11), pp. 24937-24953. doi:10.1029/98JC02160
  19. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, 2017.NASA's Ocean Color Web. Available at: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov[Accessed 15 August 2017].
  20. Ivanov, V.A. and Belokopytov, V.N., 2011. Okeanografiya Chernogomorya [Oceanography of the Black Sea]. Sevastopol: ECOSI-Gidrofizika, 212 p. (in Russian).
  21. Xing X., Morel, A., Claustre, H., Antoine, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Poteau, A. and Mignot, A., 2011. Combined Processing and Mutual Interpretation of Radiometry and Fluorimetry from Autonomous Profiling Bio-Argo Floats: Chlorophyll a Retrieval. Journal of Geophysical Research, [e-journal] 116(C6), C06020. doi:10.1029/2010JC006899
  22. Ifremer (Institutfrançais de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer), 2017. Archive. Available at: ftp://ftp.ifremer.fr [Accessed 20 December 2017].
  23. Mellor, G.L., 2001. One-Dimensional, Ocean Surface Layer Modeling: a Problem and a Solution. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(3), pp. 790-809. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0790:ODOSLM>2.0.CO;2
  24. Kubryakova, E.A. and Korotaev, G.K., 2016.Influence of Vertical Motions on Maintaining the Nitrate Balance in the Black Sea Based on Numerical Simulation. Oceanology, [e-journal] 56(1), pp. 25-35. doi:10.1134/S0001437016010082
  25. Kubryakova, E.A. and Korotaev, G.K., 2013. Seasonal Variability of the Circulation and Formation of Salinity of Surface Watersof the Black Sea. Morskoy Gidrofizicheskiy Zhurnal, (3), pp. 3-12 (in Russian).
  26. Uppala, S.M., Kållberg, P.W., Simmons, A.J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V.D., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J.K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A.et al., 2005.The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q.J. R. Meteorol. Soc., [e-journal] 131(612), pp. 2961-3012. doi:10.1256/qj.04.176
  27. Vedernikov, V.I. and Demidov, A.B., 2002. Dolgovremennaya i Sezonnaya Izmenchivost' Khlorofilla i Pervichnoy Produktsii Vostochnykh Rayonakh Chernogo Morya[Long-Term and Seasonal Variability of Chlorophyll and Primary Production in the Eastern Regions of the Black Sea. In: Kompleksnyye Issledovaniya Severo-Vostochnoy Chasti Chernogo Morya [Comprehensive Research of the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea]. Moscow: Nauka. pp. 212-234. (in Russian).
  28. Demidov, A.B., 2008. Seasonal Dynamics and Estimation of the Annual Primary Production of Phytoplankton in the Black Sea. Oceanology, [e-journal], 48(5), pp. 664-678. doi:10.1134/S0001437008050068
  29. Vedernikov, V.I. and Demidov, A.B., 1997. Vertikal'noye Raspredeleniye Pervichnoy Produktsii i Khlorofilla v Razlichnyye Sezony v Glubokovodnykh Rayonakh Chernogo Morya [Vertical Distribution of Primary Production and Chlorophyll in Different Seasons in the Deep Waters of the Black Sea]. Okeanologiya, 37(3), pp. 414-423 (in Russian).
  30. Kovalev, A.V., 1993. Plankton ChernogoMorya [Plankton of the Black Sea]. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 280 p. (in Rusian).
  31. Dorofeev, V.L., Korotaev, G.K. Sukhih, L.I., 2009. Trekhmernaya Dinamika Ekosistemy Chernogo Morya (Chislennoye Modelirovaniye) [Three Dimensional Dynamics of the Black Sea Ecosystem (Numerical Modeling). MHI, 2009. Ekologicheskaya Bezopasnost' Pribrezhnoy i Shel'fovoy Zon i Kompleksnoe Ispol'zovanie Resursov Shel'fa [Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones and Comprehensive Use of Shelf Resources]. Sevastopol: ECOSI-Gidrofizika. Iss. 19, pp. 203-215 (in Russian).
  32. Konovalov, S.K., Murray, J.W. and Luther III, G.W., 2005. Basic Processes of Black Sea Biogeochemistry. Oceanography, [e-journal] 18(2), pp. 24-35. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2005.39
  33. Mikaelyan, A.S., Chasovnikov, V.K., Kubryakov, A.A. and Stanichny, S.V., 2017. Phenology and Drivers of the Winter–Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in the Open Black Sea: The Application of Sverdrup’s Hypothesis and its Refinements. Progress in Oceanography, [e-journal] 151, pp. 163-176. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.006
  34. Finenko, Z.Z., Churilova, T.Y., Sosik, H.M. and Basturk,O., 2002. Variability of Photosynthetic Parameters of the Surface Phytoplankton in the Black Sea. Oceanology, 42(1), pp. 53-67.
  35. Titov, V.B., 2004. The Effect of the Long-Term Variations in Climate Conditions on the Hydrological Structure and Ecology of the Black Sea. Water Resources, [e-journal]31(4), pp. 369-375.doi:10.1023/B:WARE.0000035676.16782.05
  36. Konovalov, S.K. and Murray, J.W., 2001. Variations in the Chemistry of the Black Sea on a Time Scale of Decades (1960-1995). Journal of Marine Systems, [e-journal], 31(1-3), pp. 217-243.doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00054-9
  37. Zatsepin, A.G., Kremenetskiy, V.V., Piotukh, V.B., Poyarkov, S.G., Ratner, Yu.B., Soloviev, D.M., Stanichnaya, R.R., Stanichny, S.V. and Yakubenko, V.G., 2008. Formation of the Coastal Current in the Black Sea Caused by Spatially Inhomogeneous Wind Forcing upon the Upper Quasi-Homogeneous Layer. Oceanology, [e-journal] 48(2), pp. 159-174. doi:10.1134/S0001437008020021

Download the article (PDF)

We use Yandex Metrics. Read more.

Мы используем Яндекс Метрику. Подробнее.