Phytoplankton Blooms in the Surface Layer of the Deep-Open Black Sea: Analysis of Methods and Research Results Based on Satellite Data

О. А. Yunev1, ✉, V. V. Suslin1, V. N. Belokopytov1, J. Carstensen2

1 Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS, Sevastopol, Russian Federation

2 Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark

✉ e-mail: yunevoleg@gmail.com

Abstract

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the studies of phytoplankton blooms in the deep-open Black Sea based on satellite bio-optical data obtained using various algorithms. Satellite data are used due to the lack of in situ monitoring programs for studying the spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton blooms in this region, and the use of different algorithms results in conflicting conclusions. The presented analysis summarizes the available results.

Methods and Results. the deep-open Black Sea from the application of satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration (Chlsat) to the use of satellite-derived phytoplankton biomass in carbon units (Csat). Csat is obtained from Chlsat concentration data and in situ seasonal changes in the carbon-to-chlorophyll a ratio (C : Chla). Determination of Chlsat concentration in the Black Sea using standard NASA algorithms (OC2 and OC4) results in errors of up to 500% and requires the development of regional algorithms, which take into account the specificity of bio-optical parameters in the given basin. The iterative statistical algorithm identifies the blooms as biomass outliers exceeding the 99th percentile of the base seasonal values. The C : Chla ratio varies from 46 (February) to 195 (September). The seasonal maximum shifts from December–January, typical of Chlsat concentration, to September–November, typical of Csat biomass, i.e., to the actual timing of phytoplankton bloom in the deep-open Black Sea. Bloom thresholds vary by month: 90 (August), 120 (September), and 105 mg С∙m−3 (October–November). During the post-eutrophication period (since the mid-1990s), the phytoplankton biomass decreased, and winter-spring blooms disappeared.

Conclusions. The significant difference in the seasonal dynamics of Chlsat concentration and Csat biomass indicates that satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration corresponding to the period of operation of the SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua/Terra ocean color satellite scanners (the post-eutrophication period) is not an acceptable indicator of biomass and cannot be used for studying the patterns of phytoplankton bloom and their mechanisms. One of the solutions to this problem consists in recalculating Chlsat concentration into Csat biomass using the C : Chla ratio and the algorithm with iterative bloom event extraction.

Keywords

subject field overview, chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton biomass, seasonal changes, interannual changes, long-term changes, phytoplankton bloom, iterative algorithm, Black Sea, regional bio-optical algorithms, satellite methods

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The work was carried out within the framework of state assignments of FSBSI FRC MHI FNNN-2024-0012 “Analysis, diagnosis and forecast of the state of hydrophysical and hydrochemical fields of marine water areas based on mathematical modeling using the data from remote and contact measurement methods” and FNNN-2024-0014 “Fundamental studies of interaction processes in the sea–air system that form the physical state variability of the marine environment at various spatial and temporal scales”. J. Carstensen received funding through the Horizon Europe project OBAMA-NEXT (Grant No. 101091642).

About the authors

Oleg A. Yunev, Senior Researcher, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Каpitanskaya Str., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), DSc. (Biol.), SPIN-code: 8324-7686, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6307-1322, yunevoleg@gmail.com

Vyacheslav V. Suslin, Leading Researcher, Head of Ocean Dynamics Department, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Каpitanskaya Str., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), DSc. (Phys.-Math.), SPIN-code: 1681-7926, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8627-7603, Scopus Author ID: 6603566261, ResearcherID: B-4994-2017, slava.suslin@mhi-ras.ru

Vladimir N. Belokopytov, Leading Researcher, Head of Oceanography Department, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Каpitanskaya Str., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), DSc. (Geogr.), SPIN-code: 5697-5700, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4699-9588, Scopus Author ID: 6602381894, v.belokopytov@gmail.com

Jacob Carstensen, PhD, Professor, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University (399 Frederiksborgvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark), ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0016-6118, ISNI: 0000000119562722, OFR: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007605, jac@ecos.au.dk

Original russian text

Original Russian Text © О. А. Yunev, V. V. Suslin, V. N. Belokopytov, J. Carstensen, 2026, published in MORSKOY GIDROFIZICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Vol. 42, Iss. 3, pp. 467–482 (2026)

For citation

Yunev, О.А., Suslin, V.V., Belokopytov, V.N. and Carstensen, J., 2026. Phytoplankton Blooms in the Surface Layer of the Deep-Open Black Sea: Analysis of Methods and Research Results Based on Satellite Data. Physical Oceanography, 33(3), pp. 501-515.

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